Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle is located in Edinburgh, Scotland.  The fortress sits upon volcanic Castle Rock, which erupted over 340 million years ago.  The first human habitation of the site dates back to the 9^th century BC.  A royal residence has remained at the site since the 12^th century AD.  The fortress was involved in many wars and was besieged at many points throughout history.  Tensions between the English and Scottish monarchies nearly always focused on Edinburgh Castle, for he who held the castle held rule over Edinburgh and in essence all of Scotland.  Some of the buildings were destroyed by artillery in the 16^th century.  The chapel however was left unharmed and dates back to the 12^th century.  Around 1510, the Great Hall was built by James IV.  During the 17^th century the castle was used as a military base.  Edinburgh Castle’s importance as an historical landmark was recognized in the 19^th century and restorations began to take place.  The castle sheltered many Scottish monarchs, including Mary Queen of Scots.  In 1996, the Stone of Destiny, on which kings were enthroned for centuries, was returned to Scotland.  This stone is now displayed in the Crown Room at the castle.  Edinburgh Castle is Scotland’s leading tourist attraction.